problemzones-of-the-ecm-processHolding equipmentElectric currentseveral 10,000 AElectrolyte flow rate in theeffective gap up to 100 m/s;Pressure up to 100 barInfeedEffective tool surface InsulationPitting dangerOverheating in case of localcurrent flowthrough due to unfavorable contact conditions ToolShort-circuit throughclearance gap bridging due to- Thermal strain- Vibrations- Uneven solutionConsequences: Sparks, arcs, overheatingProcess-typical loads and problem zones in electro-chemical machining (ECM):