Thermal fatigueDruckDruckZugZugZugDruckLoads in the LCF rangeTens.Tens.Press.Stress during operationStressat restYield limitResidual stresses also develop or change during operation.Thermal strain differences between coatingsand the base material:e.g. ceramic thermal barrier coatings,stress reduction through crackingInhomogeneousstructures (e.g. MMC)Pressure in areaswith minimalheat strain Tension in areaswith greaterheat strain TensionTensionPressureMechanical clamping(e.g. pipe line, shrink-fitting)Volume changes due to absorbing media, aging, and hardening:Swelling of synthetic resinsand elastomersShrinking of synthetic resinsand elastomersHot during operation Cool at rest